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# Legionella

GTS Legionella Consulting

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- [Biosafety Course at your Workplace](https://legionella.com/biosafety-training/workplacebiosafety/) - The Public Control of Biohazards Course for Research & Clinical Laboratories biosafety training course in its 42nd year has ended. Workplace courses continue.There is no limit to the number of students. Our record at a single workplace is 300 students.Up to 4.5 ABSA 2022 Certification Maintenance Points are available.This is a draft course schedule that
- [CDC & NY Legionella Obstruction?](https://legionella.com/uncategorized/2017-10-3-current-legionella-controversies/) - NY Cooling Tower Legionella Regulations The regulation requires sampling within two weeks of seasonal start-up and thereafter at intervals not to exceed 90 days. In addition, the regulation requires that year-round use towers be sampled at intervals not to exceed 90 days and within two weeks after start-up following maintenance. NY Legionella Regulations Missing the
- [Cooling Tower Routine Legionella Testing](https://legionella.com/uncategorized/2017-6-28-dfa-best-cooling-tower-legionella-test-method/) - The CDC and ISO culture methods are predictive when used with potable water samples, but not with cooling tower samples. The BCYE culture method for finding legionella in cooling tower water samples is inappropriate, based on our 36-years of commercial legionella testing experience.Our research with cooling tower samples in collaboration with the CDC Special Pathogens Laboratory
- [Does Legionella survive potable water chlorination?  Yes](https://legionella.com/uncategorized/https-wwwlegionellacom-blog-2/) - How does Legionella survive potable water chlorination?Chlorine residuals in potable water from municipal water supplies usually ranges from 0.1 mg/L to 1.0 mg/L (ppm) with a permissible upper limit of 4.0 mg/L.We tested the chlorine effects on two Legionella species and two other aquatic bacteria back in 1985 and published the results in Water Research
- [Accurate Legionella Testing with Monoclonal Ab-DFA](https://legionella.com/legionella/2018-2-7-legionella-culture-method-issues/) - The CDC and ISO culture methods are predictive when used with potable water samples, but not with cooling tower samples. The BCYE culture method for finding legionella in cooling tower water samples is inappropriate, based on our 40-years of commercial legionella testing experience.Starved viable but non-culturable (VBNC) Legionella strains can infect and replicate in amoebae and
- [Biosafety Cabinet (BSC) Start Up Procedure](https://legionella.com/uncategorized/2017-3-28-biosafety-cabinet-start-up-procedure/) - BSC start up procedure published by NSF International NSF/ANSI 49 - 2019 Annex 1.— follow manufacturer’s startup procedure. If cabinet alarm condition is present, investigate root cause before continuing.— inspect air intake grilles for obstructions and foreign materials and remove any obstructions.Remove all items from the work area.— adjust view screen to proper height.— turn
- [Legionella Testing Advice for Cooling Tower Operators](https://legionella.com/uncategorized/2017-3-2-legionella-testing-advice-for-cooling-tower-operators/) - Testing for Legionnaires’ disease bacteria (LDB) validates whether legionella amplification (growth) is being controlled by cooling tower maintenance procedures. Read more>OSHA:The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) is the best source for advice, in our opinion. “The OSHA suggested guideline for LDB concentration in cooling towers, evaporative condensers, and fluid coolers is less than 10
- [NSF Baltimore Legionella Control Meeting Observations](https://legionella.com/uncategorized/https-wwwlegionellacom-blog-3/) - Observations from the NSF/NSF conference:Managing Legionella in Building Water Systems.May 9-11, 2018 Baltimore MD.This is a high interest topic - over 450 people attended the program presented by NSF International and the National Science Foundation. Speakers included relevant US, Canadian, and European government agencies, microbiologists, plumbing and architectural engineers, legionella testing laboratories, university and industry researchers, and
- [Should you do Routine Legionella Testing?](https://legionella.com/legionella/2017-1-29-cev76e2jlo5x0dk93qaytkvkj5bt8j/) - CDC does not recommend legionella testing unless there are 2 or more legionellosis cases associated with a specific time and place. ASHRAE also avoids routine testing in their standard 188 (only mentioned in a normative appendix. The CDC policy of no routine environmental testing may not be appropriate. Many building managers do routine testing
- [Legionella Control Guidelines](https://legionella.com/uncategorized/2017-1-22-u8gi8uphj8idd01l301lc4n9xg938h/) - The ASHRAE 188 legionella standard, in my opinion, is not the last word on legionella control guidelines. Other guideline sources are; the American Industrial Hygiene Association (AIHA), the Association of Water Technologies (AWT), the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), and the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) As a biosafety
- [Basic Legionella Facts You Should Know](https://legionella.com/uncategorized/2016-5-1-fab3rqhbgvgmkuo27do704kd0h52hp/) - First recognized in 1978 after the 1976 Philadelphia cooling tower outbreak, Legionnaires’ disease is a severe form of pneumonia caused by the bacterium Legionella pneumophila and other Legionella species. Legionella naturally live in water biofilms and are most commonly found in water systems containing warm water such as hot tubs, cooling towers, and hot water tanks.
- [Discovery of the genus Legionella](https://legionella.com/uncategorized/2017-5-11-discovery-of-the-genus-legionella/) - Valavane A, Chaudhry R. The summer of seventy-six—Legionella pneumophila monologue. Emerg Infect Dis. July 2017. https://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid2307.160546 .Human-made modifications of nature are the cause for troubles of humanity, and if we embark on disturbing nature we should be ready to pay for it. One classical example of our carelessness was reflected at the American Legion Convention held in 1976
- [Cooling Towers & Largest Legionellosis Outbreaks](https://legionella.com/uncategorized/2017-10-25-cooling-towers-largest-legionellosis-outbreaks/) - Legionnaires’ disease largest outbreaks are caused by cooling towers.Source: Fitzhenry R, Weiss D, Cimini D, Balter S, Boyd C, Alleyne L, et al. Legionnaires’ Disease Outbreaks and Cooling Towers, New York City, New York, USA. Emerg Infect Dis. 2017;23(11):1776. https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/23/11/16-1584_article.Abstract.“The incidence of Legionnaires’ disease in the United States has been increasing since 2000. Outbreaks and
- [Only 8% of California Legionnaires’ cases are Healthcare Associated](https://legionella.com/legionella/helkl5nxzg9byndr66jmh6kwh23bp9/) - Why does CDC, CMS, and VA concentrate on this 8%?What about the other 92%?925. Healthcare-Associated Legionnaires’ Disease, California, 2015–2017 Open Forum Infectious Diseases [26 Nov 2018, 5(Suppl 1):S28-S28] 2018/12.Janice Kim, MD, MPH; Kyle Rizzo, MPH; Sean O’Malley, MPH; Monise Magro, DVM, MPVM and Jon Rosenberg, MD, Healthcare-Associated Infections Program, California Department of Public Health, Richmond, CaliforniaAbstractLegionnaires’ disease (LD) causes significant
- [BMBL-6 vs. NSF 49 - 2019 BSC Information](https://legionella.com/biosafety-practices/bmblbscinfo/) - BMBL 6th Edition - Appendix A – Primary Containment for Biohazards - Revised June 2020 - Published November 17, 2020 - Order online before 6:30 AM EST at CDC INFO On-Demand - Publications. Differs from current information in the -NSF International Standard/American National Standard NSF/ANSI 49 - 2019 - Published March 1, 2020. NSF 49
- [Student Evaluation of 2019 Control of Biohazards Course](https://legionella.com/biosafety-training/studentevaluationofcourse/) - 40th YEAR CONTROL OF BIOHAZARDS COURSE.Johns Hopkins University Mt. Washington Conference Center.Baltimore, MD 21209. - April 8 – April 12, 2019.STUDENT COURSE EVALUATION ANALYSIS.Overall quality of instruction: Course objectives clearly stated…………….99%.Clarity of presentation……………………….96%.Designated material covered…………………89%.Relates to practical problems & issues………92%.Questions and discussion……………………85%.Audio-visual aids…………………………….93%.Reference materials………………………….97%.Overall teaching quality……………………..96%. Rate the following items about facilities:Lodging and accommodations………………94%.Conference facilities…………………………91%.Meals…………………………………………99%. Circle “Yes”
- [NAS - Management of Legionella in Water Systems](https://legionella.com/uncategorized/legionellawatermgmt/) - Management of Legionella in Water Systems.The slides and briefing recording are available at the following link: http://dels.nas.edu/Report/Management-Legionella-Water-Systems/25474 .To download the free report PDF, go to the following link and look for the blue “Download Free PDF” button on the right side of the screen: https://www.nap.edu/catalog/25474/management-of-legionella-in-water-systems .Also available on the download page are additional, related resources.
- [Legionella Dx by Real-Time PCR, Etc. More Reliable than Culture](https://legionella.com/uncategorized/gmbx3b2atyxlg859prwk3prchh8ggb/) - [Question: Why does CDC push culture when it is becoming clear that it is inadequate?]Improvement of Legionnaires’ disease diagnosis using real-time PCR assay: A retrospective analysis, Italy, 2010 to 2015 - Maria Luisa Ricci et al. - Eurosurveillance, Vol 23, Issue 50, December 13, 2018.“According to LD case definition, culture, a fourfold raise in Lp
- [Biosafety at a Philadelphia Medical School - 1981](https://legionella.com/biosafety-practices/https-wwwlegionellacom-blog-5/) - Richard W Gilpin PhD - Course Director: Medical Microbiology and Immunology Course.Medical College of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia PA.Biosafety practices in the laboratory manual for the medical school medical microbiology and immunology course that I directed at one of the five Philadelphia medical schools. At that time, 120 medical students and some graduate students worked in 6
- [Legionella Biofilm Control](https://legionella.com/uncategorized/2018-6-27-legionella-biofilm-control/) - "The maintenance of a chlorine or chloramine residual to suppress waterborne pathogens in drinking water distribution systems is common practice in the United States, but less common in Europe. In this study, we investigated the occurrence of Bacteria and Legionella in water-main biofilms and tap water. We tested samples from a chloraminated distribution
- [Are UVC PCR Hoods Effective?](https://legionella.com/uncategorized/2017-5-2-uv-c-for-pcr-and-disinfection-effective/) - PCR Hoods are claimed to remove residual DNA from the work area by UVC radiation - do they?Class II Type A2 Biosafety Cabinets are preferred over PCR Hoods for removal of residual DNA from the work area airstream by HEPA/ULPA filtration.K.F. Held et. al, Applied Biosafety April 19, 2018 HEPA filters are very effective at removing
- [How to test for Legionella in water](https://legionella.com/uncategorized/legionella-routine-testing/) - How to test for Legionella in water. Our GTS Legionella Water Testing Service has tested thousands of environmental water samples - Now in our 5th-decade.. In my opinion, today's Legionella testing methods based on research with potable water supplies are inadequate. I studied fresh water microorganisms in graduate school; we need environmental microbiology researchers, not
- [What it's like to be on a ventilator](https://legionella.com/uncategorized/ventilatorexperience/) - Patient experience on a respiratory ventilator – described by a Covid-19 ICU RN. Here you go folks... for those people who do not understand what it means to be on a ventilator but want to take the chance of going out without a mask...For starters, it is NOT an oxygen mask put over the mouth
- [Issues in the Biosafety Profession](https://legionella.com/uncategorized/biosafetyissues/) - Why are biosafety professionals leaving academia? Pandemic? Better pay? Limited travel funds for training & professional meetings? Limited office support personnel? Limited senior leadership support? Dr Byron S. Tepper and I spent years running bench basic research at medical schools where we picked up lots of practical biosafety by personal experience in our laboratories and
- [BSC - NSF/ANSI Standard - 49 - 2020 - March 1,  2021](https://legionella.com/biosafety-training/nsfansi-49-2020/) - NSF/ANSI Standard 49 - 2020 - Published March 1, 2021.Biosafety Cabinetry: Design, Construction, Performance, and Field Certification.This standard applies to all United States NSF-listed Class II biosafety cabinetry sold in the United States designed to minimize hazards inherent to work in biosafety level 1, 2, 3, or 4 facilities.Click on the link to purchase the
- [WHO Laboratory Biosafety Manual 4th Edition 2020](https://legionella.com/uncategorized/whobiosafety/) - Manual available HERE: WHO - Safeguarding biosafety and biosecurity in laboratories publication links - HEREAn example of a significant change in biosafety practice is removal of Biosafety Level Terminology from the World Health Organization’s Laboratory Biosafety Manual 4th Edition. The Forward to the LBM4 states: “Previous versions of the manual described the classification of biological
- [70% IPA or Ethanol? - Bleach Instead? Disinfectants for BSC Work](https://legionella.com/uncategorized/2017-5-19-70-ipa-or-ethanol-disinfectant-for-bsc-work/) - Everyone uses IPA disinfection – Don’t they?70% isopropanol (IPA) or 70% ethanol is often used as a surface disinfectant, particularly in virology and tissue culture laboratories.70% alcohol in a squirt bottle kept around for months and refilling without washing is a potential fungal contamination issue because fungi can use alcohol as a carbon source and
- [National Academies: Airborne Transmission of SARS-CoV-2](https://legionella.com/uncategorized/33658eaxc9324fehkr3m5yfwmmd3k7/) - National Academies: Airborne Transmission of SARS-CoV-2: A Virtual Workshop - August 26-27, 2020.This Environmental Health Matters Initiative (EHMI) workshop delved into the rapidly evolving science on the spread of the virus, as part of a larger body of COVID-19 related work at the National Academies. The workshop featured experts in aerosol science, virology, infectious disease, and epidemiology.
- [Air Exchange Rates for BSL-2 & BSL-3 Microbiology Laboratories](https://legionella.com/uncategorized/microlabach/) - What should be the exchange rates for BSL-2 and BSL-3 Clinical & Research Laboratories?Consensus is 6 to 8 ACH.What are the number/Cubic Foot of viable bacteria & fungi in BSL-2 & BSL-3 Laboratories?Typically, the same as outside air numbers, except when BSL- 3 lab supply air is HEPA filtered to Class 100,000 [100 CFU per
- [Typical Sources of Community-Acquired Legionnaires' Disease](https://legionella.com/uncategorized/sources-of-community-legionella-transmission/) - 1) In my opinion, sporadic cases of Legionnaires’ disease [LD] probably come from exposure to airborne droplets containing Legionella pneumophila from cooling tower drift during warm days when the relative humidity is equal to or greater than 80% - particularly during periods of heavy rainfall.2) If we were going to design a piece of mechanical
- [Educational Objectives - Former Workplace Control of Biohazards Course](https://legionella.com/biosafety-training/educational-objectives-control-of-biohazards-course/) - FORMER CONTROL OF BIOHAZARDS IN THE CLINICAL & RESEARCH LABORATORYEducational Objectives.Dr. Richard Gilpin RBP CBSP SM(NRCM).Title: Biosafety Sources.Objectives: Upon completion of this activity, participants should be able to:Interpret and apply regulations associated with animal pathogens.Discuss the difference between the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science and the Association for Assessment and Accreditation of Laboratory Animal
- [Legionella Regulations and Guidelines](https://legionella.com/uncategorized/legionellaregulations/) - Management of Legionella in Water Systems. A Consensus Study Report of The National Academies. Copyrite 2020. National Academies Press. Washington, DC. Chapter 5. Regulations and Guidelines on Legionella Control in Water Systems: Lack of Federal Laws and Regulations Pertinent to Legionella.State and Local Regulations and Other Enforceable Policies.Guidance Documents.Regulations and Policies From Other Countries.Steps Forward
- [Two Overlooked Biosafety Practices Can Reduce LAIs](https://legionella.com/uncategorized/two-overlooked-biosafety-practices-reduce-lais/) - Two practices that reduce laboratory acquired infections.Proper Handwashing Technique.Wet your hands with clean, running warm water and apply non-antimicrobial, viscous soap in your palms. [antimicrobial soaps change your normal protective flora and will dry the skin]. [non-viscous soap will not persist during hand rubbing].Lather your hands by rubbing them together with the soap. Be sure
- [COVID & Hygiene Resources](https://legionella.com/uncategorized/covidhygieneresources/) - Building opening guide, including Legionnaires’ disease prevention. Consult GTS , CDC , or ASHRAE .Johns Hopkins Coronavirus COVID-19 Map - JHU Center for Systems Science and Engineering (CSSE) Johns Hopkins University & Medicine - COVID-19 Data Visualization Center. Johns Hopkins University & Medicine - Coronavirus Resource Center. CDC - Water, Sanitation, and Environmentally Related Hygiene.
- [BSL-2 Language Urban Legends](https://legionella.com/uncategorized/5pb6286kyg9cyhb6423hj95nxhnc62/) - My paper on the “+’ and “E” biosafety designations in my Documents Tab.
- [Is rain seeding cooling towers with legionella?](https://legionella.com/legionella/https-wwwlegionellacom-rain-legionella/) - A Proposal:I suggest that public health research microbiologists study the relationship between rainfall and Legionella colonization of cooling towers / evaporative condensers leading to subsequent community acquired Legionnaires’ disease cases.My Observations:During research of Legionella numbers in a cooling tower published in 1985, I observed [but did not include the rainfall data] that the numbers of
- [Volatile Organic Chemical Risk Analysis for Biosafety Cabinets (BSCs)](https://legionella.com/biosafety-practices/volatile-organic-chemical-risk-analysis-for-biosafety-cabinets/) - Canopy-connected Type A2 BSCs can handle most quantities of volatile chemicals used in biomedical research, in my opinion.Scroll to the bottom to get formulas to calculate acceptable quantities of volatile chemicals in BSCs from The Baker Company: Statements from NSF/ANSI 49 – 2020 Informative Annex 1: Biosafety cabinet selection, installation, lifespan and decommissioning. © 2021 NSF: This document is

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- [Home](https://legionella.com/gts/) - GTS Legionella Consulting COB Biosafety Consulting Legionella News Biosafety News COB Biosafety Consulting Learn more about biosafety consulting Read More GTS Legionella Consulting Learn more about Legionella fact Read More Dr Richard W Gilpin LLCgilpin@legionella.comSubscribe to our Legionella NewsletterLegionella Newsletter ArchivesSubscribe to our Biosafety NewsletterBiosafety Newsletter ArchivesOur Blog ResourcesOur Document Resources
- [Legionellosis 1985 Katz](https://legionella.com/legionellosis1985/) - Legionellosis 1985 & Anatomy of an Epidemic 1982 LegionellosisSheila Moriber Katz, MD (Editor). 1985.CRC Press, Inc. Boca Raton, Florida.Volume I.Part I: History of Legionellosis.Chapter 1. Isolation of a New Microbe. Sheila M. Katz. 3.Chapter 2. Prior Outbreaks of Legionellosis. Robert G. Sharrar. 11.Part II: The Microbe.Chapter 3. Taxonomy of the Family Legionellaceae. Don J. Brenner. 21.Chapter
- [My Story](https://legionella.com/mystory/) - My Story Who’s Who in America Awardee 2021-2022.ChABSA Lifetime Achievement Awardee – 2020.GTS Legionella Consulting Service Owner & Microbiology / Biosafety Consultant. As a former NIH-funded bench researcher and director of a Philadelphia Medical School Microbiology & Immunology course with a 40-hour wet Clinical Microbiology Laboratory for the medical and graduate students, I believe that
- [Legionella Risk Management](https://legionella.com/legionella-risk-management/) - Legionella Risk Management This ChABSA Technical Seminar was presented on January 15, 2020 at a joint meeting of ChABSA and the Potomac Section of AIHA by Richard W Gilpin, PhD, RBP, CBSP, SM(NRCM).The presentation slides are available here, complements of AHMP. The AHMP Cyber Chapter is an affiliate of the National Alliance of Hazardous Materials
- [Johns Hopkins Biosafety Manual 1995](https://legionella.com/hopkinsbiosafetymanual/) - Johns Hopkins Biosafety Manual 1995 JOHNS HOPKINS INSTITUTIONS.BIOSAFETY MANUAL.TABLE OF CONTENTS.June 1995. A trip down memory lane.PDF available. Full Text available at researchgate.net.FORWARD.The Johns Hopkins Hospital and the Johns Hopkins University have high standards in teaching and research. The University and Hospital are committed to provide an academic and working environment as free as possible
- [Blogs](https://legionella.com/blogs/) - Dr Richard Gilpin’s Blogs Volatile Organic Chemical Risk Analysis for Biosafety Cabinets (BSCs) July 27, 2022 Biosafety Cabinets BSC Is rain seeding cooling towers with legionella? July 11, 2022 Cooling Towers Rainfall BSL-2 Language Urban Legends July 10, 2022 COVID & Hygiene Resources July 8, 2022 Biosafety Course at your Workplace June 24, 2022 biosafety
- [Legionella Detection and Sampling Methods](https://legionella.com/legionella-detection-and-sampling-methods/) - Legionella Detection and Sampling Methods Legionella Testing ProceduresLegionnaires’ disease outbreaks caused by aerosolized Legionella bacteria can occur if water in plumbing lines or mechanical equipment contain significant numbers of free-living or amoeba-associated Legionella.Routine Legionella testing validates whether your legionella control procedures are working.The National Academies of Science “Management of Legionella in Water Systems” is the
- [Legionellosis 1984](https://legionella.com/legionella-1984/) - Legionellosis 1984 The Pneumonias: Clinical Approaches to Infectious Diseases of the Lower Respiratory Tract.Matthew E Levison editor. John Wright | PSG Inc. Boston, 1984.Legionella and Legionella-like Organisms – Chapter 34.Richard W. Gilpin, PhD, Associate Professor of Microbiology and Immunology.The Medical College of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.MICROBIAL CHARACTERISTICS.MorphologyStaining CharacteristicsLegionella pneumophila structure in thin sectionGrowth CharacteristicsTaxonomySerologyGeneticsTaxonomic Classification of
- [Elements of a Biosafety Program](https://legionella.com/elements-of-a-biosafety-program/) - Elements of a Biosafety Program Richard W Gilpin PhD RBP CBSP SM(NRCM) – Dr Richard W Gilpin LLC, Baltimore MD. Biological Safety Principles and Practices Third Edition. Diane O Fleming and Debra L Hunt (eds.) ASM Press Washington DC 2000. Elements of a Biosafety Program Chapter 29. Dr Richard W Gilpin RBP CBSP SM(NRCM). Author,
- [Biosafety Consulting](https://legionella.com/biosafety-consulting/) - Biosafety Consulting Contact us for Control of Biohazards consulting.Research since 1972 / Biosafety consulting since 1981. Often Imitated / Never Duplicated.Subscribe to our Biosafety Newsletter.View our Biosafety Newsletter Archives. As a former director of a Philadelphia Medical School Microbiology & Immunology course with a 40-hour wet Clinical Microbiology Laboratory for the medical and graduate students,
- [BSC - NSF 49 - 2020 Annex 1](https://legionella.com/nsf49annex1/) - BSC – NSF 49 – 2020 Annex 1 NSF 49 Annex 1 (formerly Annex E) – Published March 1, 2020CLICK HERE for the free PDF [this document is not for sale]I-1.1 Institutional Safety Consultation – Page 1.I-1.2 Risk Assessment Procedure – Page 1.I-1.3 BSC Class and Type Selection – Page 6.I-1.4 Site Review Before BSC Purchase
- [The Saga of Legionella](https://legionella.com/legionellasaga/) - The Saga of Legionella Author: Richard W Gilpin PhD.Biosafety Officer, Johns Hopkins Institutions.Adjunct Assistant Professor of Environmental Health Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Hygiene and Public Health.Baltimore, MD.Portions published in The Analyst, Summer 1995.Legionnaires’ Disease rates have not changed since the disease was discovered. Last year, 1,222 people with Legionnaires’ Disease were reported to
- [Treatment of Medical Waste](https://legionella.com/treatment/) - Treatment of Medical Waste Richard W Gilpin PhD RBP CBSP SM(NRCM) – Dr Richard W Gilpin LLC, Baltimore, Maryland The efficacy of an on-site superheated water and steam maceration system (SSM) was evaluated at Johns Hopkins University for its ability to sterilize and render unrecognizable hospital and laboratory waste at a lower cost than incineration
- [Legionella Consulting](https://legionella.com/consulting/) - Legionella Consulting Legionella research since 1978.How We Operate:Subscribe to our Newsletter. Read our previous Legionella Newsletters: Archive.After 42-years of service, GTS Legionella Testing Service has closed.Since establishing our legionella water testing service in 1981 with CDC referred clients, we have tested thousands of samples from water-containing mechanical equipment & plumbing lines.Contact us for Legionella consulting.Why
- [Documents](https://legionella.com/documents/) - Dr Richard Gilpin’s Documents BSL-2 Language Urban LegendsBMBL 6th Edition ChangesBiosafety Issues in HospitalsLegionellosis Katz 1985Johns Hopkins Institutions Biosafety ManualThe Saga of LegionellaNSF 49 Annex 1 2020 – Primary Containment for Biohazards: Selection, Installation, and Use of Biosafety Cabinets.Legionella Risk ManagementLegionella 1984 in: The Pneumonias: Clinical Approaches to Infectious Diseases of the Lower Respiratory Tract.Elements
- [BSL-2 Language Urban Legends](https://legionella.com/bsl2-language-urban-legends/) - BSL-2 Language Urban Legends Urban Legends: BSL2+, BSL2E, BSL3+, & BSL3E Don’t Exist. ASM NEW Interim Clinical Laboratory Guideline for Biological Safety (January 11, 2019) . “Biological safety cabinets [Biosafety Cabinets] (BSCs), splash shields, and other physical containment devices must be available for the manipulation of infectious agents when procedures likely to generate aerosols and
- [Changes in BMBL 6th Edition](https://legionella.com/bmbl6changes/) - Changes in BMBL 6th Edition Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories (BMBL) 6th Edition. Presented at ABSA Annual Meeting – November 2020. By: Jeff Potts, MPH, CBSP. Chief, Biorisk Management Branch, NIH Division of Occupational Health and Safety. Adjustments/Modifications by Richard W Gilpin – December 2020. History. First published in 1984 = 100 pages. Last
- [Biosafety Issues in Hospital Settings](https://legionella.com/biosafetyinhospitals/) - Biosafety Issues in Hospital Settings Biosafety Issues in Hospital Settings. Dr Richard Gilpin RBP CBSP. Assistant Professor of Medicine. Assistant Professor of Environmental Health Sciences. Biosafety Officer, Biosafety Division, Office of Health, Safety & Environment. The Johns Hopkins Institutions. Baltimore MD. Chapter 4. “In,” Jonathan K. Richmond, PhD, Editor. Anthology of Biosafety: III. Application of

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